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Inoculating messages can raise and refute the same counterarguments in the "attack" (refutational same) or different counterarguments on the same or a related issue (refutational different)..

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Practitioners of crystal healing believe they can boost low energy, prevent bad energy, release blocked energy, and transform a body's aura..

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A perpetual motion machine is a hypothetical machine that can do work indefinitely without an external energy source.

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She has been criticised for promoting anti-vaccination views, unproven supplements, anti-5G claims, and dangerous COVID-19 health advice..

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Although false news has always been spread throughout history, the term fake news was first used in the 1890s when sensational reports in newspapers were common..

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1968) is an American conspiracy theorist, who is one of the leading proponents of, and recruiters for, the discredited flat Earth conspiracy theory in the United States.

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The assassination left a profound impact and was the first of four major assassinations during the 1960s in the United States, coming two years before the assassination of Malcolm X in 1965, and five years before the assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr..

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Historical negationism, also called historical denialism, is the falsification, trivialization, or distortion of the historical record..

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Reports of second sight are known only from anecdotes..

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Secrecy Studies work can be found in the pages of Secrecy & Society journal, established by Dr.

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A number of political commentators have characterized these various claims as a racist reaction to Obama's status as the first African-American president of the United States.

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Joseph Walther reintroduced the term into the field of interpersonal communication and media studies in 1992.

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Devised by Francine Shapiro in 1987, it involves talking about traumatic memories while engaging in side-to-side eye movements or other forms of bilateral stimulation.

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A 1994 article in the New York Times stated that: "Of the more than 12,000 documented accusations nationwide, investigating police were not able to substantiate any allegations of organized cult abuse"..

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Gold and Silver were first released on November 21, 1999, in Japan..

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The date of construction of the earliest Somnath temple remains uncertain, with estimates varying between the early centuries of the 1st millennium and about the 9th century CE.

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Suffrage is nearly universal for citizens 18 years of age and older, with the notable exception of registered felons in some states..

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It was created on December 23, 1913, with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act, after a series of financial panics led to the desire for central control of the American monetary system.

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Since the early 1900s, it has been accepted by archaeologists and anthropologists that Polynesians (who became the Māori) were the first ethnic group to settle in New Zealand (first proposed by Captain James Cook)..

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Largely plagiarized from several earlier sources, it was first published in Imperial Russia in 1903 (circulating in pamphlets since 1902), translated into multiple languages, and disseminated internationally in the early part of the 20th century..

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Majestic 12, also known as Majic-12, and MJ-12 for short, is a purported organization that appeared in fake documents first circulated by ufologists in 1984, and that some UFO conspiracy theories still claim to have existed..

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CRT also considers racism to be systemic in various laws and rules, not based only on individuals' prejudices..

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The incident prompted criticism of the Bogdanovs' approach to science popularization, led to a number of lawsuits, and provoked reflection among physicists as to how and why the peer review system can fail..

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This view can be traced back to the late 18th century, when critical study of the New Testament commenced; it was revived in the 1970s..

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Common examples include the claim that Muslims "play the victim" to manipulate public perception, or that Islam is uniquely responsible for terrorism while ignoring or downplaying violence committed by non-Muslims..

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Cognitive dissonance exists without outward sign, but surfaces through psychological stress when psychological discomfort is created due to persons participating in an action that creates conflicting beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors, or when new information challenges existing beliefs..

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It was the UK's deadliest terrorist incident since the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 near Lockerbie and the UK's first Islamist suicide attack..

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Most large Chinese cities have laboratories that study coronaviruses, and virus outbreaks are typically first noticed in large cities, so any outbreak in China is likely to occur near a laboratory studying coronaviruses..

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Though QAnon has its origins in older conspiracy theories, it was set in motion in October 2017 when Q first posted on the website 4chan..

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First posted on the German Usenet in 1994, the conspiracy has since been mentioned in the city's marketing, and alluded to in a speech by Chancellor Angela Merkel.

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The term generally has a negative connotation, as it can often be based in prejudice, emotional conviction, insufficient evidence or paranoia..

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Starting in November of that year, the US government engaged in a violent campaign of terrorism and sabotage in Cuba, referred to as the Cuban Project, which continued throughout the first half of the 1960s..

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Psychic surgery first appeared in the spiritualist communities of the Philippines and Brazil in the middle of the 20th century; it has taken different paths in those two countries..

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With a population of more than 242 million, it is the most populous country in Africa, and the world's sixth-most populous country..

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Enthusiasts of Bigfoot, such as those within the pseudoscience of cryptozoology, have offered various forms of dubious evidence to support Bigfoot's existence, including anecdotal claims of sightings as well as supposed photographs, video and audio recordings, hair samples, and casts of large footprints..

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The statistical likelihood of the Bible code arising by chance has been thoroughly researched, and it is now widely considered to be statistically insignificant, as similar phenomena can be observed in any sufficiently lengthy text..

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